THE PURPOSE: To research the history of various monuments, memorials, battlefields and other symbolic war memory sites, and thus to compare how different groups have remembered, commemorated, and reinterpreted the meanings of war.

THE PROCEDURE:  Choose a series of war memory sites from the list below. Spend at least an hour apiece researching each site.  Although you are, of course, welcome to use printed resources, the assignment has been set up as an internet assignment.

Print or type your information and analysis into the Memory Site Template, using one template for each site. Try to find something to include in each box but it’s fine to leave a box blank if you cannot locate appropriate material.  If you use the on-line template, make sure you try printing out your work after completing one or two memory sites, rather than leaving this until the end, in case there are any technical problems here.

I have links to a few web-sites below but these are designed as starting places rather than as substitutes for your own research.

EVALUATION:  I have decided to include the Sites of War Memory assignment as part of your Journal, rather than as something that will be graded separately.  I have done this both because I want to give you an opportunity to choose where to focus your energies and because I want to evaluate your work in its entirety.  That said, the Sites of War Memory is designed to be by far your largest individual project of the semester, and one that will take on-going research to complete.

I would recommend that you aim for two-page templates on a minimum of six separate memory sites.  The resulting ten+ pages should give you a very solid base for your overall Journal.  Those wishing to excel on this assignment are encouraged to research further sites.

I am convinced you will learn more from your research if you take a couple of hours to research each term rather than basing your comments upon one or two web-sites.  If you disagree here, however, you can offer shorter analyses upon a broader array of sites.

SOME POSSIBLE RESOURCES (The sites below are not comprehensive and are not meant as a substitute for your own research.  They are included here to give you a start and to point you in the right general direction)

ABU GHRAIB PRISON:  For an on-line encyclopedia article on the history of the prison, see   .  See for Abu Ghraib abuse photos released by Australia's Special Broadcasting Service TV on February 15, 2006.  This site also includes the earlier and by-now-better-known images.

AFRICAN AMERICAN CIVIL WAR MEMORIAL (WASHINGTON, DC):  For an overview, see Wikipedia.  The memorial and museum foundation web-site is at  .

AGINCOURT:  See   for a modest site dedicated to the battlefield and Medieval History Centre associated with the Hundred Years' War most famous battle.

AIMIRA SHELTER MEMORIAL (BAGHDAD):  The site of the coalition bombing of an air raid shelter with the resultant loss of approximately 1,200 civilians was converted into a memorial in the early 1990s.

AIR FORCE MEMORIAL:  For the official web-site of this new Arlington, Virginia monument, dedicated in October 2006, see Air Force Memorial Foundation.

ALAMO  See .

ALAMUT:  Located in today's Iran, it was once the mountain fortress of the Ismailis (known in the West as the Hashshashin or Assassins), but was razed by the Mongols in 1256.

AL-NAKBA/ THE ISRAELI WAR OF INDEPENDENCE (1948):  The same events viewed through radically different lenses.

AL-ASKARI MOSQUE:  Bombed in both 2006 and 2007, this mosque in Samarra, Iraq includes not only tombs to the 1oth and 11th imam, but is immediately adjacent to the primary shrine to the 12th Hidden Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi.

ANDERSONVILLE:  See the U.S. National Park Service page at   for information about this Georgia historic site that was home to the largest American Civil War prison camp and now is also home to the National Prisoner of War Museum.

ANNE FRANK HOUSE:  For the homepage of the Amsterdam museum where the Franks hid for much of World War II, see

ANZAC WAR MEMORIAL:  The most prominent war memorial in Sydney, Australia.  (See   )

APPOMATTOX COURT HOUSE:  See for the U.S. National Park Service site commemorating the surrender of General Lee to General Grant at the end of the Civil War in 1865.

ARA PACIS:  The centerpiece of Augustus' propaganda efforts has fascinated Mussolini, amongst others.

ARC DE TRIOMPHE AND THE CHAMPS ELYSEES: For a tourist site that offers a brief history of the monument, see    .  For another such web-page, see .

ARCH OF CONSTANTINE:  A good description of the details of the monument itself can be found at .  An excellent site with detailed information and links is at .

ARCH OF TITUS:  For a good introduction with accompanying links, see .

ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETERY.  For the official web site of Arlington National Cemetery, see .  For National Park Service information on the Robert E. Lee Memorial, see http://www.nps.gov/gwmp/arl_hse.html .

ARTHUR "BOMBER" HARRIS MONUMENT:  For a brief description that frames the monument against the backdrop of other London war memorials, see .

ATOMIC TESTING MUSEUM:  Opened in 2005, the   chronicles the history of nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site.  The

AUSCHWITZ-BIRKENAU MEMORIAL AND MUSEUM:  For the museum web-page, see . 

AUCKLAND WAR MEMORIAL MUSEUM:  Both a museum and a national commemorative site.  Start with both Wikipedia and a visit to the official web-site at

AUSTRALIAN WAR MEMORIAL:  This Canberra complex includes the national memorial and war museum. See Wikipedia for an introduction.  The official web-site is at .

AYODHYA:  For a series of news articles about the destruction of the Babri Mosque and the continuing tensions between Hindus and Muslims over the site, see the relevant stories at India: War And Memory In The News. 

BABI YAR:  A few introductory links can be found at .

BADR (624 AD):  For a brief overview of this key early military victory for Muhammad's forces, see Wikipedia.

BAGHDAD, BATTLE OF (1258):  The Mongol attack on the city marked its eclipse as one of the most important centres of world civilization.

BALACLAVA (1854):  Tennyson would immortalize the Charge of the Light Brigade at this Crimean War battle.

BASILICA DEL VALLE DE LAS CAIDOS (FRANCO'S TOMB):  A brief pictorial introduction is located at .

BATOCHE NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE:  For the Parks Canada web-site, see .  A very basic historical overview can be found at Canadian Encyclopedia.  See also the Virtual Museum Of Metis History And Culture.

BEAUMONT-HAMEL NEWFOUNDLAND MEMORIAL:  See the Veterans Affair Canada site at  for an overview of this World War I memorial.

BEHEST-E-ZAHRI:  This Tehran Cemetery is the most important memorial to the Iran-Iraq War.  A basic introduction is provided at  .For journalist Elaine Sciolino's encounter with the director of the House of Martyrs at the necropolis, see Frontline.

BEN DUOC MONUMENT AND CU CHI TUNNELS:  The Cu Chi Tunnels have become a powerful symbol of Vietnamese resolve.  The Ben Duoc Monument  was built in 1995 in Cu Chi.  See    and Wikipedia.

BERGEN-BELSEN MUSEUM:  For a private web-site that offers a photographic introduction to the Holocaust memorial, see .

BERLIN WALL:  See for the Berlin Wall On-Line site.

BIKINI ATOLL:  See .

BLOOD RIVER/ NCOME BATTLEFIELD:  For an Afrikaans perspective, see

BONAMPAK MURALS:  The re-discovery of this fresco in Chiapas challenged the notion of the Mayans as a civilization of peaceful timekeepers.

BORODINO: 

BOYNE BATTLEFIELD:  For personal reminiscence about the importance of July 12 from a Protestant perspective, see .  See Divided By A Common History for a BBC story from the year 2000.

BRANDENBURG GATE:  For a brief on-line encyclopedia article, see .

BROCK MONUMENT (QUEENSTON HEIGHTS): 

BRONZE SOLDIER OF TALLIN:  The decision of the Estonian decision to move this WW II memorial led to riots in 2007.  (See  for a basic history).

BRUCE LEE MONUMENT:  Can the kung-fu icon become a source for unity between Croats and Bosnians.  For a brief introduction to this monument, dedicated in 2005, see   .

BUCHENWALD MUSEUM:  For the Buchenwald Memorial homepage, see .

BUNKER HILL MONUMENT. 

CANADIAN JAPANESE WAR MEMORIAL (VANCOUVER): Find a very brief description at .

CANADIAN MEMORIAL CHURCH (VANCOUVER):  See   for background on the inspiration for this chapel, dedicated in 1928.

CANADIAN PEACEKEEPING MONUMENT:  For the homepage of the Ottawa memorial, see 

CANADIAN WAR MUSEUM.  The official web-site for the new national museum is at    .

CANNAE:  The site of Hannibal's most decisive defeat of the Romans.

CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST THE SAVIOUR (MOSCOW):  The cathedral originally built to commemorate Napoleon's departure from Moscow, blown up by Stalin, and re-consecrated in 2000.

CESIS BATTLE MONUMENT:  A Latvian monument dedicated in 1924; destroyed by the Russians and replaced by a statue of Lenin in 1951; and rededicated in 1998.

CHAPULTEPEC CASTLE:  For a tourist introduction to the Mexico City castle that produced young martyrs in the 1846-8 war with the United States, see .

CHATEAUGUAY:.  For the National Historic Site of Canada commemorate of Charles-Michel de Salaberry's 1813 defeat of the invading American forces, see    .

CHECKPOINT CHARLIE:  For the Berlin Wall's most famous crossing point, see .

CHILCOTIN WAR:  John Lutz's Canadian Mysteries site at   includes not only extensive primary documents from the Gold Rush era but also some information about Tsilhqot'in attempts to keep the memory of these events alive and to link them to contemporary concerns.

CHINESE PEOPLE'S ANTI-JAPANESE AGGRESSION WAR MEMORIAL HALL:  See  for a short description of this Beijing museum opened in 1987 on the fiftieth anniversary of the beginning of the war in Asia.

CHIRAN PEACE MUSEUM:  The site of the former Chiran Air Base opened in 1975 as the main Japanese museum to kamikaze pilots.  See Kamikaze Images for an overview.  For further description from the same web-site, see Chiran Town Stone Lanterns, Kamikaze Pilot Statue, Statue Of A Mother and Kamikaze Peace Kannon Shrine.

CHOEUNG EK MEMORIAL:  A basic description can be found at   .For a National Geographic article on this commemoration of the Cambodian "Killing Fields," see .  See also Asian Historical Architecture.

CIVILIAN WAR MEMORIAL (SINGAPORE):  Singapore's monument to the victims of the 1942-45 Japanese occupation.  For a basic introduction, see   .

CONSTANTINOPLE, SACK OF :  The Crusaders besiege the Byzantine capital in 1204.

CRAZY HORSE MEMORIAL.  See .  See also www.geocities.com/south_dakota01/crazyhorse.html .

CULLODEN:  For information and links on the 1746 battle between the English and the Scots, see .

CUT KNIFE.  Site of a May 2, 1885 victory of Cree and Assiniboine warriors over 300 Canadian soldiers during the North-west Rebellion, it is located on the Poundmaker Reserve west of Battleford, Saskatchewan and has, since 1967, been the site of Chief Poundmaker's grave.  For a very basic introduction, see Canadian Encyclopedia.

DACHAU MEMORIAL MUSEUM:  Despite the shameless book self-promotion, this Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial Site by University of California at Santa Barbara history professor Harold Marcuse is excellent.

DEIR YASSIN MASSACRE:  The killing of Palestinians on the eve of Israeli independence.

DITCH, BATTLE OF THE:  The 627 AD defeat of the Meccans by Muhammad's Medina warriors.

DRESDEN:  For a series of recent articles on the historical legacies of the bombing of Dresden in World War II, see

DUCK LAKE.  See the Canadian Encylopedia for a brief description of this opening clash in the North-West Rebellion (1885).

DUNKIRK:  See for a feature on the sixtieth anniversary of the evacuation.

ENIWETOK ATOLL:  At , there is a small site about Operation Ivy and the testing of the first thermonuclear bomb in 1952.

ENOLA GAY:  The "official" site on the pilot and plane associated with the Hiroshima bombing can be found at .  For the commemorative exhibit as it finally appeared at the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C., see .  For information about the controversy over the exhibit, see .

FARDUS/FREEDOM SQUARE (BAGHDAD):  includes a brief article on the toppling of the Saddam Hussein statue in 2003.  You will want to also research its construction and the history of the square.

FIELD OF THE BLACK BIRDS (KOSOVO FIELD):  See the text of the 28 June 1989 Speech At Kosovo Field By Slobodan Milosevic.

FIELD OF MARS MEMORIAL (ST. PETERSBURG): 

FLIGHT 93 NATIONAL MEMORIAL:  There is a Home Page for the planned monument to the September 11, 2001 passengers of United Flight 93.

FOREST OF THE DEPARTED (BOSQUE LOS AUSENTES):  Dedicated to the 191 victims of the March 11, 2004 Madrid train bombing.  See   for an overview.

FORT BATTLEFORD.  In operation between 1876 and 1924, the Saskatchewan fort played a prominent role in the North-West Rebellion of 1885.  For the Parks Canada web-site, see    .  See also 

FORT SUMTER.  For the National Park Service site, see .

GALLIPOLI:  For but one of many sites dedicated to the 1915 battle, see .

GARDEN OF REMEMBRANCE (DUBLIN):  This Irish national memorial commemorates not only those killed in the Irish War of Independence (1919-21), but also those who died in earlier uprisings against the British.  See Wikipedia for a basic orientation.

GAVRILO PRINCIP MONUMENT (SARAJEVO):  For a 2003 BBC article about plans to reinstall a monument dedicated to the Serbian assassin, see .

GETTYSBURG NATIONAL PARK.  For a visitor's guide to Gettysburg, see .  For the National Park Service web-site, see www.nps.gov/gett/home.htm .  For a site designed by the Gettysburg Convention and visitors Bureau, see www.gettysburg.com/

GHETTO FIGHTERS MUSEUM:  For the official web-site of Israel's Holocaust and Jewish Resistance Heritage Museum Research and Documentation Center, see   .

GLADE OF THE ARMISTICE AND RAILROAD CAR #2419D:  For information about both the 1918 armistice and the French surrender to the Nazis in 1940, see

GRAND PRE NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE:  See  for background on what is probably the most important memory site connected with the Acadian deportation.  The Nova Scotia Tourism Web Site can be found at  .

GREAT WALL OF CHINA:  For a very brief overview, see History Of The Great Wall Of China.  Focus in on the intersection of the Great Wall and War Memory.

GREATER HUNGARY MONUMENT:  For a 2001 BBC story that outlines the history of this testament to national suffering, see .

GROZNY MUSEUM:  See for a 2002 Guardian article on the "resurrection" of the Grozny Museum.

GUANTANAMO BAY:  For an introduction to life at Guantanamo in the month before September 11, 2001, see

GUERNICA:  For a history of both the 1937 bombing and Picasso's masterpiece, see the companion web-site to a PBS special at .

HADRIAN'S ARCH:  For a few links that introduce the Roman monument that marked Athens as the city of Hadrian rather than of Theseus, see .

HADRIAN'S WALL: 

HALABJA MEMORIAL:  Dedicated in 2003, the monument commemorates the 1988 use of chemical weapons against the town by the Iraqi government as part of the anti-Kurdish Anfal Campaign.  See    for some information from PBS.

HANDS OF VICTORY:  For a short history of Saddam Hussein's triumphal Baghdad arch, see .

HANFORD NUCLEAR SITE:  For a series of post-1996 local newspaper articles on the Hanford site, see .  See also the Seattle Times feature on the Hanford site that formed part of its 50th anniversary commemoration of the beginning of the atomic age.

HANOI HILTON: For a brief introductory history, see .  For brief descriptions of several Vietnamese prisons, see

HASTINGS BATTLEFIELD:

HERMANNSDENKMAL:  A nineteenth-century monument completed only four years after the Franco-Prussian War, it commemorates the Battle of Teutoburg Forest (9 AD), in which Germanic tribes under the leadership of Arminius defeated the Romans.  See Wikipedia.

HEROES' ACRE (WINDHOEK):  For a basic description of this Namibian national monument, completed with the assistance of a North Korean firm, see  .

HIROSHIMA PEACE MEMORIAL MUSEUM AND PEACE PARK:  For the official homepage of the Peace Memorial Museum, visit . See    for a shorter description of the museum.  You can also take a virtual Tour Around Peace Park.

HITLER'S BUNKER:   See for a 1999 article on the uncovering of Hitler's Bunker.

HOLWELL MONUMENT ("BLACK HOLE OF CALCUTTA"):  A history of the controversial monument can be found at Reclaiming Kolkata.  The interesting biography of the independence leader Subhas Chandra Bose includes mention of the monument.

HOTEL DES INVALIDES: 

IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM (LONDON):  Find the official Imperial War Museum web-site at .

INDIA GATE:  Built by Edwin Luytens to honour Indian soldiers who died in World War I and the Afghan Wars, this New Delhi memorial has become a national monument to a post-Independence India.  (See Wikipedia for preliminary orientation).

ISIVIVANE MEMORIAL PARK or FREEDOM PARK (PRETORIA):  Due to be completed by 2009, this memorial will be juxtaposed opposite from the Voortrekker Monument.  See the architectural layout at  .  The official web-site is at   .

JADE GATE:  Part of the Silk Road, it connected Central Asia to China.

JASENOVAC: 

JATIYO SMRITI SOUDHO:  For a brief overview of Bangladesh's national monument to the martyrs of the 1971 Liberation War, see Wikipedia.

JEDWABNE:  See for a series of articles on the controversial Poland massacre site.  Note that there are links to several additional articles in the right-hand margin.  An anthology of sources on Jedwabne can be found at Voices On The Jedwabne Tragedy.

JERUSALEM, SACK OF:  The Crusades enter the holy city in 1099 AD.

KAISER WILHELM MEMORIAL CHURCH:  

KARBALA:   For an account of the 680 CE battle that explains why this Iraqi city is now a major Shiite pilgrimage site, see Channel 4.

KATYN FOREST:  For a history of both the massacre and its historical memory, see from the CNN Cold War series.  See also Wikipedia.

KIGALI MEMORIAL CENTER (RWANDA):  The official web-site is at  .  For a short article on the Kigali centre, see Africa Rwandan Memorial Will Remind World of Genocide Horrors .

KOREAN DMZ: 

KOREAN VETERANS WALL OF REMEMBRANCE (BRAMPTON):  Veterans Affairs Canada has information about the Wall of Remembrance at , a memorial sponsored by the Korea Veterans Association of Canada and dedicated to the 516 Canadians who died in that conflict.

KOREAN WAR VETERANS MEMORIAL:  See Wikipedia for an overview of this monument to American soldiers killed in the Korean War, dedicated in 1995.  The United States National Park Service web-site can be found at   .

KRAK DES CHEVALIERS:  Once a Crusader fortress, this World Heritage Site is now owned by the Syrian government.

KREMLIN:  For an introductory history, see The Moscow Kremlin.

LACHINE:  The 1689 attack by Mohawks on this Quebec village left 80 colonists dead.

LEIPZIG:  The battlefield and monument commemorate the Germans victory over Napoleon in 1813.

LINCOLN MEMORIAL. For a site that focuses upon the role of the Lincoln Memorial in Civil Rights demonstrations, see www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/civilrights/dc1.htm .

LITTLE BIGHORN BATTLEFIELD NATIONAL MONUMENT.  For the National Park Service site, see .  For a relevant CNN article, see www.cnn.com/US/9606/27/little.bighorn/ .

LOUISBOURG.  For the Parks Canada web-site, see   .

MANCHUKUO:  For a brief on-line encyclopedia article about the place that became the starting site for World War II in Asia, see .

MANZANAR NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE.  See the U.S. National Park Service site at www.nps.gov/manz/

MARATHON BATTLEFIELD:  Find the story of how the ancient Marathon and the 2004 Olympics have collided in a contemporary controversy at

MARINE CORPS (IWO JIMA) MEMORIAL.  For a biography of Ira Hayes, see http://phoenix.about.com/library/weekly/aa011301a.htm

MARTYRS' CEMETERY.  A local soccer field was converted into a mass cemetery in 2004 at the time of the First Battle of Fallujah.

MARTYRS MEMORIAL (BAGHDAD):  Dedicated to the soldiers who fell in the Iran-Iraq War, the Martyr's Memorial or Al-Shaheed Monument was used as a site to galvanize support against American forces in the 1990s and early third millennium.

MARTYRS MEMORIAL (ALGIERS)  :   A monument to the independence struggle against France.

MARTYRS' SHRINE:  For basic background on the Midland, Ontario church consecrated to the memory of the six Jesuits and two lay persons from Saint-Marie Among the Hurons killed by the Iroquois in the late 1640s, see Wikipedia and

MASADA:  For a history of the mountain fortress from the Jewish Virtual Library, visit .  A discussion of the mythology of Masada can be found at .

MAUTHAUSEN:  For recent photographs of the Austrian concentration camp and also of other Nazi camps, see .

MEGIDDO:  See for one of the most ancient sites with a still active war memory.

MEMORIAL CHAMBER (OTTAWA): The second level of the Peace Tower in Parliament, the Chamber includes books of remembrance for those Canadians killed in war.  The Veterans Affairs Canada site is at   .

MEMORIAL TO DESERTERS IN ULM:  See Sites Of Memory for an introduction to this monument to those who deserted the Germany Army in World War II.  For the German-language official web-site, see .

MEMORIAL TO ESTONIAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE:  This Tallinn monument was erected after World War I, destroyed by the Soviets in 1940, and then re-constructed in 1993.

MEMORIAL TO THE KILLED IN THE FEBRUARY 28 MASSACRES OF 1947:  See   for a very basic introduction to this monument, finished in 1995 and dedicated to those thousands of Islanders killed by Kuomintang forces in the immediate post-war period.

MEMORIAL TO THE ROMA AND SINTI HOLOCAUST VICTIMS:  The as-yet-to-be completed Berlin memorial.

MEMORIAL TO THE VICTIMS OF THE HOLOCAUST (VIENNA):  For a series of photos of Rachel Whitehead's missing library sculpture, see  .

MEMORY PARK (BUENOS AIRES)   :  This memorial to the victims of Argentina's Dirty War was recently dedicated.

MENIN GATE MEMORIAL:  Dedicated to the missing British and Commonwealth soldiers of World War I.  See both Wikipedia and The Official Last Post Website.

MINUTE MAN MONUMENT.   For the relevant U.S. National Park Service web-site, see www.nps.gov/mima/ .

MONTGOMERY'S TAVERN.  See Wikipedia for a basic description of the armed clash that marked the start of the 1837 Rebellion in Upper Canada.

MONUMENT AVENUE (RICHMOND, VIRGINIA).  For a private web-site, see

MONUMENT TO THE PEOPLE'S HEROES:  See Wikipedia for an introduction to this Beijing obelisk, built to commemorate Chinese heroic martyrs from the time of the Opium Wars through the triumph of the Revolution in 1949.

MONUMENT TO THE WOMEN OF WORLD WAR II:  Located close to the Cenotaph in London, this monument was dedicated in 2005.

MOSTAR BRIDGE:  Built in the sixteenth century and destroyed by Croat artillery fire in 1993,   became one of the symbols of the Balkan Wars of the 1990s.

MOUNT HERZL (HAR HAZIKARON):  Israel's national cemetery a military cemetery for soldiers who have fallen in the line of duty.  See Wikipedia for a basic overview.

MUSEO GIRON (BAY OF PIGS MUSEUM):  For the official homepage to this Cuban museum, see .

MY LAI:  For a 1998 Time article, see Echoes Of My Lai.

NAGASAKI: 

NAJAF:  Site of the Imam Ali Mosque and thus one of the holiest sites within Islam.

NANKING:  For the Nanking Massacre Museum and Memorial, see .  See   for information about the massacre and other Japanese war crimes.

NATIONAL ABORIGINAL VETERANS MONUMENT (OTTAWA):  See the Veterans Affairs Canada web-site at   background on this very-recently-dedicated memorial.

NATIONAL WAR MEMORIAL (NEWFOUNDLAND):  Dedicated in 1924 on Memorial Day (July 1), several years before its Canadian counterpart.  See a basic overview at    .  See also Veterans Affairs Canada's Canada Remembers .

NATIONAL WAR MEMORIAL (OTTAWA): The Veterans Affairs Canada site is at  .For more on the history of the monument, see .

NATIONAL WORLD WAR II MEMORIAL.  For the official site about the designed Washington, D.C. memorial, see www.wwiimemorial.com/ .

NELSON WAR RESISTER MONUMENT:  For a series of news stories chronicling the debate over whether the City of Nelson, BC should sponsor the building of a statue commemorating the cooperation between Vietnam-era draft dodgers and their Canadian supporters, see Nelson War Resister Monument Controversy.

NEUE WACHE:  See for a brief history of this Berlin war memorial that has gone through several transfigurations.

NIKKEI INTERNMENT MEMORIAL CENTRE:  This New Denver memorial is the best-developed of the Japanese-Canadian internment commemorative sites.  The web-site at Nikkei Memorial Internment Centre does not adequately capture the power of the this war memory site.

NORMANDY:  See the Official Site Of Normandie Memoire for information centered around the June 2004 60th anniversary commemoration.  For the official homepage of the new Canadian Juno Beach Centre, see .

NTARAMA AND NYAMATA GENOCIDE MEMORIALS:  For introductory information about each memorial from a feature in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, see .

OAK BAY CENOTAPH:  See .

OKINAWA:  See Okinawa: Island Of Resentment, for a 2001 BBC story that frames contemporary U.S.-Japan tensions within an historical framework.

PEACE ARCH: 

PENTAGON.  For an official introduction to the history of the Pentagon, see .

PERSEPOLIS:  See for an historical overview.

PLAINS OF ABRAHAM:  See for a government of Canada site.

PLASSEY BATTLEFIELD:  See the Plassey on-line encyclopedia article for a brief account of the battle that marked the 1757 victory of the British over the French for the control of India.

POKLONNAYA HILL:  Commemoration of the resistance to Napoleon co-exist at this Moscow site with a heroic interpretation of the Great Patriotic War.  For an overview, see  .

QAL'AT SALAH EL-DIN:  For a basic introduction to the history of this medieval Syrian fort, see Citadel Of Salah El-Din.

RED FORT OF DELHI:  For a brief introduction from a tourist site, see .

REICHSTAG:  See for a basic history of the German Parliament.

REIMS CATHEDRAL: Find a short encyclopedia article at .

REPUBLIC MONUMENT (ISTANBUL):  For a basic introduction, see .  See Wikipedia for an overview of Taksim Square.  See also Cumhuriyet Aniti.

SABRA AND SHATILA:  For a short scholarly article that frames the memorials at these Palestinian refugee camps against the theme of war and memory in contemporary Lebanon, see Laleh Kahalifi, Absent Moneuments And Appropriated Memory Places

SADDAM HUSSEIN'S BABYLONIAN PALACE:  For Saddam Hussein's attempt to appropriate the memory and King Nebuchadnezzar II, see .

ST.-EUSTACHE.  For an introduction to the culminating battle in the 1837 Lower Canadian Rebellion, see Canadian Encyclopedia.

SAINT JULIEN MEMORIAL:  See Wikipedia for basic information about this Belgium-based Canadian National Memorial for the fallen of the Great War.  For the Veterans Affair Canada site, see  .

SHELBOURNE STREET (VICTORIA):  One remnant of Shelbourne's early history as a memorial avenue for World War I soldiers can be found at .

SHOT AT DAWN MEMORIAL:  For a BBC article on the 2001 unveiling of a monument dedicated to those shot as cowards by the British military in World War I, see .  See the official web-site at 

SOUTH AFRICAN WAR MEMORIAL (TORONTO)  :  Walter Allward, the sculptor of the Vimy Memorial also designed this commemoration to the Canadians who fought in the Boer War.

SOUTH KOREAN NATIONAL WAR MEMORIAL:  See   for an introduction to this Seoul museum, opened in 1994.  The official web-site can be found at War Memorial Of Korea.

SOVIET WAR MEMORIAL (BERLIN):  See   for an introduction to this monument to Russian soldiers to fall to the Germans in World War II.

SREBRENICA MEMORIAL:  For a photographic essay of the July 11, 2001 dedication of the memorial, see .  See   for a series of relevant BBC articles.

SUTJESKA:  The oldest national park in Bosnia, it was the site of a Yugoslav Partisan victory against the Nazis in World War II.

TAMERLANE MONUMENT (UZBEKISTAN):  See the October 2000 BBC article on the rehabilitation of Tamerlane at .

TAWANG MEMORIAL   :  Built in the Himalayas to commemorate the 2,420 Indians killed in the 1962 war with China.

TEMPLE OF JANUS:  For a discussion of the no-longer-extant temple and its famous gates, see .

THERMOPYLAE:  The statue to Leonidas and his 300 is only part of the war memory of this legendary Greek battle site.  Find an encyclopedia history of the battle at .

TOKYO DOME WAR MONUMENT:  Located outside the stadium of the Yomiuri Giants, this memorial is dedicated to the sixty-nine professional baseball players who died in World War II.  For a short introduction, see   .

TOPOGRAPHY OF TERROR EXHIBIT:  For the Berlin exhibit that exposes the institutions most responsible for enforcing the policies of National Socialism, see .

TRAFALGAR SQUARE:  Find a BBC history at .  An on-line encyclopedia article is at .

TRAJAN'S COLUMN: 

TREBLINKA:  For a history, see .  The Polish museum web-site can be found at .  See Treblinka for an introduction to the memorial sculptures at the former death camp.

TRINITY A--BOMB TEST SITE.  For the Unofficial Trinity Site Page, see .  For a Seattle Times feature on the fiftieth anniversary of the beginnings of the atomic age, see .

TROY:  For a brief history with accompanying contemporary images, see .

TSITSERNAKABERD:  See Wikipedia for a very basic introduction to the Armenian national memorial, initially constructed during the Soviet era.

TUGU NEGARA:  The Malaysian national monument is located in Kuala Lumpur and commemorates the war against the Japanese and the armed struggle for independence from 1948-60.  See    for an introduction.

TUOL SLENG GENOCIDE MUSEUM:  See Wikipedia for an overview.  For a more detailed web-site about the former Cambodian torture centre, see   .

UHUD, BATTLE OF:  The 625 AD defeat of Muhammad's forces near Medina.

UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM:  The homepage for the Washington, D.C. museum is at .

USS ABRAHAM LINCOLN:  The aircraft carrier that will remained linked with George W. Bush's May 2003 "Mission Accomplished" speech.

USS ARIZONA.  For the National Park Service site, see .  See also www.arizonamemorial.org/memorial.html .

USS MAINE MEMORIAL (HAVANA):  There are several American monuments to the ship whose 1898 destruction served as the immediate catalyst for the Spanish-American War in 1898.  Do your best, though, to trace the history of the Havana-based memorial.

USS MISSOURI:  Famed as the site for the Japanese surrender at the end of World War II, the battleship also saw service in the Korean War and the First Gulf War.

VALIANTS MEMORIAL.  Dedicated in 2006, this monument is on Confederation Square in Ottawa and features fourteen men and women who have figured prominently in the history of Canadian conflict.  For the official web-site, see    .

VERDUN:  For an introduction to the French Douamont Ossuary at Verdun, visit .  See also Wikipedia.

VERSAILLES (HALL OF MIRRORS):  For a brief historic overview, see .  Focus on the War Memories connected with Versailles.

VETERANS CEMETERY (ESQUIMALT):  The Veterans Affairs Canada site is at   .

VICTORIA'S CENOTAPH (PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS): 

VICTORY SQUARE (VANCOUVER):  For a description of the Victory Square Cenotaph, see .

VIETNAM VETERANS MEMORIAL.  For the National Park Service web-site, see www.nps.gov/vive/home.htm .  See also www.vietvet.org/thewall.htm and http://thewall-usa.com/ .

VIETNAM WAR MEMORIAL (HANOI):  For extremely basic information about this national monument, see  .

VIETNAM WOMEN'S MEMORIAL.  See .

VIMY MEMORIAL:  See the Veterans Affairs of Canada web-site at .  A history of the building of the memorial and a description of its sculptures can be found at .  A series of images is at the Maple Leaf Legacy Project.

VOLGOGRAD WAR MEMORIAL:  For a brief overview, see Wikipedia.

VOORTREKKER MONUMENT:  For the official web-site for the Pretoria memorial dedicated to the Great Trek, see

WARSAW GHETTO MONUMENT:  For some photos of Mordechai Anielewicz's famed sculpture, see .

WARSAW UPRISING MEMORIAL:  For photos of the monument to the Warsaw Uprising of 1944, see  .

WATERLOO:  See Waterloo Battlefield Tours for a British company that specializes in . . . yep, you guessed it.

WESTERN WALL:  For a brief history, see .  For an on-line encyclopedia article with accompanying links, see .

WINDMILL, BATTLE OF THE.  The Parks Canada site that commemorates the 1838 defeat of 300 American "Hunters" and Canadian rebels is at  .

WINTER WAR MONUMENT:  Part of this monument, dedicated in 2003, includes a memorial stone to each soldier, Finnish or Soviet, to die in the Winter War.  For an overview, see   .  The official web-site can be found at   .

WORLD TRADE CENTER MEMORIAL:    A basic overview can be found at Wikipedia.  See for a story on "Reflecting Absence," the proposed WTC Memorial.  For the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation's memorial competition web-site, see .

WOUNDED KNEE BATTLEFIELD:  Site of the 1890 massacre of approximately 250 Lakota Sioux by American soldiers.

YAD VASHEM:  The official web-site of the national Israeli Shoah memorial can be found at

YASUKUNI SHRINE:  For a series of contemporary news stories about the controversial Japanese shrine, see Japan And World War II Memory In The News.  The official web-site can be found at .  See also Kamikaze Images.