Sonja Anderson, "The Skull Of An Ancient Brown Bear Tells A Story Of Brutality And Abuse At The Hands Of Roman Entertainers," Smithsonian, September 10, 2025.

  Facundo Macchi, "A Lion Bite On The Remains Of A Roman Gladiator: The First Direct Evidence Of Combat With Animals," El Pais, April 24, 2025.

  Sonja Anderson, "A Gladiator's Marble-Etched Epitaph Is Found In An Ancient Roman Necropolis," Smithsonian, April 1, 2025.

  Cavan W. Concannon, "How The Gladiators Inspired Evangelicals' Sense Of Persecution," The Conversation, November 26, 2024.

  Meilan Solly, "The Real History Behind Ridley Scott's 'Gladiator II' And Life As A Fighter In The Ancient Roman Arena," Smithsonian, November 21, 2024.

  John Pearce, "Dedicated Roman Gladiator Superfans Were The Football Hooligans Of Their Day," The Conversation, November 20, 2024.

  Julia Binswanger, "Ancient Roman Gladiators Were Huge Celebrities Who Even Had Their Own Merch," Smithsonian Smart News, November 18, 2024.

  Craig Barker, "Gladiator II Features A Naval Battle Held In The Colosseum; These Brutal Spectacles Really Happened," The Conversation, November 14, 2024.

Petra Lambeck, "Gladiators: The Colosseum As Predecessor Of Reality TV?," DW, November 13, 2024.

  Wray Vamplew, "Did Romans Really Fight Rhinos?: Sports Historian Explains The Truth Behind The Battle Scenes In Ridley Scott's Gladiator II," The Conversation, September 24, 2024.

  Guillermo Altares, "Feed Them To The Lions!  How Ancient Rome Demonstrated Its Brutality And Power," El Pais, September 18, 2022.

  Verena Greb, "What Hollywood Got Wrong About The Gladiators Of Ancient Rome," DW, September 16, 2020.

  Alastair Blanshard, "Roman Gladiators Were War Prisoners And Criminals, Not Sporting Heroes," Conversation, June 26, 2017.

  Craig Barker, "Ben-Hur Can Be Fun On Film But The Real Roman Spectacle Would Have Thrilled Anyone," Conversation, August 22, 2016.

  Edward Brooke-Hitching, "Gladiators Of The Sea," Slate, January 28, 2016.

  Ella Morton, "Gladiator School: Where You Can Fight Like An Ancient Roman," Slate, December 20, 2013.

Alan Johnston, "Trotting In Rome: Farewell To A Sporting Way Of Life," BBC Newsmagazine, April 2, 2013.

  Amanda Ruggeri, "In The Footsteps Of Rome's Gladiators," Guardian, October 21, 2010.

  Toby Moses and Luke Gosset, "Diocles The Roman Charioteer Runs Rings Round Usain Bolt's 21 Million Pounds Deal," Observer, August 29, 2010.

"'Gladiator' Tomb Is Found In Rome," BBC News, October 17, 2008.

"Roman Star 'Won It Like Beckham,'" BBC News, August 12, 2004.